RUDN University mathematician determined the conditions for the coexistence of three species in the wild
In the wild, different species compete for food and habitat. Sometimes the “winners” succeed each other in a certain queue, sometimes-chaotically. Depending on this, the number of species varies in space and time according to a certain pattern — To maintain biodiversity, it is important to understand the laws that govern this process. Existing studies, mainly, study two-species models — when only two species compete in the system, usually — "predator"and " prey". RUDN University mathematician together with colleagues from India and France for the first time studied in detail the formation of patterns in a model with three types.
"Very few studies of the spatiotemporal dynamics of biodiversity aim to model懈 cyclical competition with three or more species. In addition,as far as we know, there is not a single study in the literature that explicitly studies the formation 薪械锌芯写胁懈卸薪褘褏 锌邪褌褌械褉薪of fixed patterns in cyclic models of competition of three types“,-Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences VitalyVolpert, Director of the RUDN University Interdisciplinary Research Center “Mathematical Modeling in Biomedicine”.
To describe a model with three competing types of mathematics, we used a system 褍褉邪胁薪械薪懈泄of reaction-diffusion equations. It consists of three differential equations with three unknowns — the population density of three species. All three unknowns are related to each other through diffusion coefficients — they show how much a change in the number of one species affects the rest. The model also includes coefficients褘that determine the internal properties of species -for example, the speed of reproduction and movement. RUDN University mathematicians investigated the system analytically-found the conditions for the formation of patterns, and also numerically-conducted a computer simulation of the model.
As a result, mathematicians got a wide range of possible patterns — fixed, periodic, chaotic.We also considered the case when the pattern is not formed at all. Which option is implemented — depends on the system parameters: diffusion coefficients and intraspecific characteristics. For example, if initially the species are evenly distributed in the system, but the coefficients of interspecific diffusion are cyclical (that is, the first species has more influence on the second, the second on the third, and the third — onthe first), then periodic fluctuations in the number are established over time. If one of the diffusion coefficients is large enough, the pattern is then broken — as a result, one species survives, and the other two die out.
“From an ecological point of view, large values of the diffusion coefficient make one species a superior competitor. This eventually destroys the stable oscillatory coexistence, and this species becomes the only survivor. Disappearance of one or more species dueto competition-signs邪褟 of characteristicsand models of multi-species competition. The specific scenario ofextinction is determined by the parameters of intra-and interspecific competition for models with a homogeneous population distribution”, -Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences VitalyVolpert, Director of the RUDN University Interdisciplinary Research Center “Mathematical Modeling in Biomedicine”.
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According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), electricity consumption in Africa has increased by more than 100% over the past two years (2020-2022). However, 74.9% of this energy is still produced by burning organic fuels 鈥� natural gas, coal and oil. At the same time, the level of electrification on the continent remains extremely low 鈥� only 24%, while in other developing countries it reaches 40%. Even in grid-connected areas, electricity supply is often unreliable: industrial enterprises lose energy on an average of 56 days a year.
Today, diagnosis and treatment planning with orthodontists takes several days. Also, complications can arise during treatment that slow down the patient's recovery process. For example, improper orthodontic treatment planning can lead to temporomandibular joint dysfunction.